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Word-building. Derivative and complex words
In the Middle English language, like in Old English, two main means of word-building may be distinguished: 1) affixation, i.e. the formation of words from the roots existing in the language with the help of suffixes and/or prefixes; 2) stem-composition, i.e. the formation of new words by means of combination of two or more roots. Many suffixes with the help of which noun in Old English were formed disappeared. Yet a number of old suffixes survived in the Middle English language; they remained productive and as a rule became polysemantic. This group includes first of all the suffixes -er, -ing, -ness. By the end of the Middle English period a considerable increase of suffixes of French and Latin origin had taken place. In the course of further development of the English language borrowed word-building elements grew very widespread and more numerous than the original ones. The suffixes borrowed from French are as follows: -age, -ance, -ence, -ard, -ee, -ess, -et, -ty, -ity, -tion, -ation, -ment. The suffixes borrowed from Latin are: -ism, -ist. In the Middle English language the suffixes produced from the nominal stems (-dom, -hood, -ship) were completely fixed as word-building morphemes. Of the adjective-forming suffixes of the Old English origin -ish, -y, -ed remain productive. They enlarge their semantics and combinability with types of stems with which they could not be combined in the Old English language. The adjective-forming suffixes -able, -ible, -ous were borrowed from French. The suffixes -ful, -less, -ly produced from the adjective stems are finally fixed as word-building morphemes. Important changes took place in the class of adverbs. In the Middle English language the word-building patterns with the suffixes -inge, -inga, -e disappeared. By the end of the Middle English period the suffix -ly had become the most productive adverb-forming suffix. The number of verb-forming suffixes also enlarged. The suffixes -ish, -ize were borrowed from French, -ify from Latin.
Most Frequently Used Suffixes of the Middle English Language
The use of prefixes in word-building in the Middle English languages considerably decreased. Only the prefixes be-, mis-, un- remainproductive being mainly combined with verb stems. Beginning with 14th century a great number of French prefixes were borrowed in English. Those were: de-, dis-, en-, em-, in-, im-, non-, re-.
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