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Advantages of Electronic Detonator Application
Electronic detonators have been available tor approximately five years but their widespread acceptance lias been slowed in part because of their high cost compared to traditional pyrotechnic detonators. Most miners are aware of the superior accuracy and flexibility that electronics deliver, but are often hard pressed to quantify the benefits that these advantages bring. Large - scale operators, such as open cast coal miners, found it particularly difficult to make the transition to electronics because of the large price tag and risk attached to such a decision. These operators had to sec that electronic detonators could pay for themselves and deliver the goods. Two North American mine operators have looked long and hard for electronics detonators and have voted to use them as a significant part of their blast programmer. Taft Coal sales & Associates, which is located in the Warrior Coal Basin of Alabama, US. is the largest open pit coal mine in the state with production of 750,000 short t/y of thermal coal. The blasters at Taft were frustrated with their conventional detonators, because the limited choice of delay times with pyrotechnics meant that some of their overburden blast had to stop in the middle of the hills covering the coal deposits. Mine management at Taft, knowing that they had to find some solution to these challenges, turned to their explosives supplier. Nelson Brothers for help. The answer was the i-kon™ Digital Energy Control System from Orica. Anytime a blaster can get a tool like i-kon™ that he can program and make it do what he wants it to do, when he wants to do it, and it's got checks and safety features, then that's a tool that a blaster wants to get in hands. The results that the i-kon System delivered were immediately apparent. Taft Coal management saw decreased vibrations, improved cast movement and increased dragline productivity. They were also able to double the size of their blasts while reducing air blast from 128 db to 121 db and they were able to stretch their blast design and add multiple start points to eliminate the hillside stops that were compromising fragmentation results. One example of i-kon™ 's flexibility was a blast featuring four different start locations that allowed the blast to move uphill, which improved fragmentation even further. Taft's Drill and Blast Supervisor, Glen Wilson felt that i-kon™ had done a tremendous job by enabling the mine to increase blast size while reducing vibrations. I-kon™ technology has been exactly as presented and it's made a big difference in blasting. Meanwhile, in the Powder River Basin in Wyoming, North Rochelle mine, another Nelson Brothers customer, was looking for something new in its never-ending quest for more efficient ways to mine coal. The majority of coal production at the North Rochelle mine, comes from dragline stripping, so cast blasting efficiency is a critical factor in maximizing dragline productivity and overall cost control. Tom Field, Technical Rep at Nelson Brothers introduced Orica's i-kon System at North Rochelle and the results have been impressive, i-kon™ has improved the blast programme from the word go. Each and every blast has been successful. The cast has been there. The fragmentation and 'diggability' has been there and there has been no back break into the new highwall, Triton mine management didn't have to take Tom's word for the results because they use very accurate laser surveying and an aerial measurement system to measure material movement before and after blasts. They also knew that a 1% increase in cast to final was needed (o pay for the increased cost of the electronic detonators Ihe blast results made the manager's very happy indeed. The results that: electronic detonators liave delivered at coal operations are impressive but it's not just coal miners who arc seeing these kinds of benefits The accuracy and flexibility that electronic detonators like i-kon™ make possible have also delivered measurable improvements to underground miners and quarry operators all around the world, in all kinds of rock.
The change to electronic detonators in so many blast applications has meant that blasting is now more science than art. Blast engineers are free to design blast plans not previously possible with the added assurance that the blast will perform exactly as designed thanks to the precision of the detonators. There's little wonder why so many miners are now 'casting' their vote for electronics and their impressive accuracy and flexibility. Grammar Study Suffixes When you are reading, you will come across unfamiliar words. It is often possible to guess the meanings of these words if you understand the way words in English are generally formed. AFFIXES PREFIXES + (STEM) + SUFFIXES An English word can be divided into three parts: a prefix, a stem and a suffix. Pre- means 'before'; a prefix, therefore, is what comes before the stem. Consider as an example, the prefix de- (meaning 'reduce' or 'reverse') in a word like demagnetize (meaning 'to deprive of magnetism'). A suffix is what is attached to the end of the stem. Consider as an example the suffix -cr (meaning 'someone who') in programmer ('the person who programs'). Both prefixes and suffixes are referred to as affixes. Prefixes usually change the meaning of the word; for example, un-changes a word to the negative. Unniagnetizable means 'not capable of being magnetized'. Suffixes, on the other hand, change the word from one part of speech to another. For example, -ly added to the adjective quick gives the adverb quickly. Let us now consider some suffixes and their usual meanings.
Exercise 2
Read the following sentences and underline all the suffixes. Then try to find out what parts of speech the words are. 1. The systems analyst provides the programmer with the details of the data processing problems. 2. CRT terminals are very useful interactive devices for use in offices because of their speed and quietness. 3. The new microcomputer we purchased does not have a Fortran compiler. It is programmable in Basic only. 4. A computer is a machine with an intricate network of electronic circuits that operate switches or magnetize tiny metal cores, 5. In very large and modern installations, the computer operator sits in front of a screen that shows an up-to-date summary of the computer jobs as they arc being processed. 6. The introduction of terminals and screens has partly replaced the use of punched cards. 7. Binary arithmetic is based on two digits: 0 and 1. 8. Multiplexing is when many electrical signals are combined and carried on only one optical link. 9. Computers are machines designed to process electronically specially prepared pieces of information. 10. The computed results were printed in tables. Some forms of the words in 1— below were used in the text "What Is a Computer?" (Unit 1) Fill in each blank with the appropriate form of the words. 1. Operation, operate, operator, operational, operationally, operating a. A computer can perform mathematical____ very quickly. b. One of the first persons to note that the computer is malfunctioning is c. The job of a computer operator is to______ the various machines in a computer installation. d. The new machines in the computer installation are not yet____. 2. Acceptance, accept, accepted, acceptable, acceptably e. A computer is a device which_________ processes and gives out information. f. The students arc still waiting for their__________ into the Computer Science program. g. It is_____ to work without a template if the flowcharts are not kept on file. 3. Solution, solve, solvable, solver a. It may take a lot of time to find a_______ to a complex problem in programming. b. A computer can ____ a problem faster than any human being. c. A computer has often been referred to as a problem____. 4. Remark, remarkable, remarkably, remarked a. Today's computers are_____ faster than their predecessors. b. Systems analysts will often make_____ about existing programs so as to help make the operations more efficient. c. There have been_____ developments in the field of computer science in the last decade. 5. Communication, communicate, comimmicable, communicative. communicably a. A computer must be able to____ with the user. b. Fibre optics is a new development in the field of_____. c. Some people working in computer installations aren't very_________ because they are shy. Fill in each blank with the appropriate form of the words. 6. Calculation, calculate, calculating, calculated, calculator, calculable, calculus a. A computer can do many kinds of____ quickly and accurately b. _ ___ is a branch of mathematics for making___ without the use of a_____ machine. c. A computer can_____ numbers much faster than a manual____. d. Some problems aren't_____ without logarithm tables. 7. Mechanic, mechanism, mechanize, mechanical, mechanically, a. Today's computers are less_____ than they used to be. b. The_____ devices in a computer system operate more slowly than the electromagnetic devices. c. The_____ of the brain is very complicated but unlike a computer it isn't_____. 8. Necessity, necessitate, necessary, necessarily, necessities, need, needed a. Because it is expensive to set up a computer department it is_____ to budget well for the basic_____ of the installations. b. A good programmer isn't_____ going to be a good systems analyst. c. Students' lack of understanding of the basic concepts in computer 9. Dependence, dependion, dependable, dependably, dependent, a. The length of time a programmer takes to make a program will vary ____ on the complexity of the problem and his ability and experience. b. One can always_____ a computer to obtain accurate answers because it's probably the most_____ machine in the world today. 10. Teclmology, technological, technologically, technologist a. Computer____ is a fast growing discipline, b. The_____ improvements of computers are reducing man's workload Prefixes We have already seen how suffixes change the part of speech of a word. Let us now consider some prefixes, their usual meanings, and how they change the meanings of English words.
Exercise 2
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